“The Messenger, the unlettered Prophet whom they find written about in the Torah and the Gospel”

“The Messenger, the unlettered Prophet whom they find written about in the Torah and the Gospel.”
This verse is an independent proof of the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ — namely, the references to him in previous scriptures, with detailed descriptions that no human, after such a long time, could have contrived to fit himself into just to claim, “I am the one described.”
Our argument based on the previous scriptures does not contradict the fact that these scriptures have been altered and are not, in their entirety, reliable evidence — as some foolish people imagine. Let me illustrate this for you, so that you may understand what the dull-minded fail to grasp:
Suppose a book attributed to a certain person is said to be a medical text. You already know the book is corrupted and that it is uncertain whether any real physician wrote it. Every passage in it is therefore doubtful by default, and some of its contents are certainly not from a physician. Yet you find within it some passages that are undeniably in accordance with the science of medicine — such that they could only have been written by someone who truly knew medicine. You can then confidently conclude that those specific passages are from a real doctor, and this removes your previous doubt that the book contained words of a physician.
The same reasoning applies here. We have before us scriptures in which truth and falsehood are intermixed; we know with certainty that some parts are false, while still believing that the original text was divine. When we find within them prophecies of the future, describing details impossible for any human to foresee, we conclude that these particular passages are among those that were not altered.
This is a general principle that applies beyond Islam and its Prophet ﷺ. For example, if the Bible contained a prophecy that “a man named Maher Amir will one day write this very post, and men in different countries will read it at once, and he will be truthful in what he writes,” we would be certain that this prophecy had not been altered — because it foretells something no human could have invented. It would thus serve as proof of two things at once: first, that the prophecy and the original scripture are of divine origin; and second, that I am truthful.
Likewise, the glad tidings and prophecies serve as proofs of the prophethood of two prophets — Jesus ﷺ and Muhammad ﷺ.
A similar example comes to mind: a weak hadith (tradition) that contains a prophecy. If such a prophecy cannot be explained by mere intuition or guesswork, and it later comes true, then although the hadith was originally of weak authenticity, its fulfillment confirms its divine source. This does not mean that all weak hadiths are therefore authentic, nor that all narrations in the same collection must be trusted — only that the specific prophecy proven true stands apart as authentic in itself.
The same applies here: we are not obliged to affirm the correctness of all the remaining texts in the Bible, nor even all details of the prophetic passages — only their essential elements that clearly correspond to the Prophet ﷺ and his reality.
Know also that I have gathered and explained the following passages from various sources, without claiming exhaustiveness. There are other verses and allusions, but I compiled these without rigorous verification, relying primarily on the trustworthiness of those Muslim scholars who cited them. They are, naturally, subject to error and imprecision, and should therefore all be reviewed.
What prevented me from refining and editing the work was simply laziness — indeed, I even neglected to proofread — because I knew I would otherwise abandon the project altogether, despite my desire to benefit readers.
Also know that each text may be subject to interpretation, or its meaning might be distorted by context, or our understanding of it may be mistaken. Yet if one or two passages can be dismissed, the totality of them cannot.
Be aware, too, that what is presented here binds all people — believers in these scriptures and non-believers alike, whether adherents of other religions, atheists, or agnostics — for it contains phenomena that demand a natural explanation: that a man could know the detailed future, beyond intuition or conjecture, and describe it in terms that fit only one reality.
I refer here to the knowledge and prophecies of Jesus ﷺ, and to the fact that a man — Muhammad ﷺ — was foretold centuries before his birth, and that those prophecies were fulfilled without his own deliberate effort to match them.
Finally, know that this is only a portion of the evidences of his Prophethood. And as with all such evidences, while any single proof may be dismissed by obstinate skepticism, the combined weight of all proofs is an overwhelming flood.

Section One: The Prophecies Concerning the Lineage of Abraham

1. The Descendants of Abraham and the Promised Land (Genesis 15)

Biblical text (Genesis 15:5, 18):

“Then He brought him outside and said, ‘Look now toward heaven, and count the stars if you are able to number them.’ And He said to him, ‘So shall your descendants be.’ … On the same day the Lord made a covenant with Abram, saying: ‘To your descendants I have given this land, from the river of Egypt to the great river, the River Euphrates.’”

Comment:
The Islamic Caliphate, during the eras of the Rightly Guided Caliphs and the Umayyads, expanded over precisely this region — thus fulfilling God’s promise to Abraham.

2. Ishmael Will Become a Great Nation (Genesis 17)

Biblical text (Genesis 17:20):

“And as for Ishmael, I have heard you. Behold, I have blessed him, and will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly. He shall beget twelve princes, and I will make him a great nation.”

Comment:
The Islamic nation, descending from Ishmael, became one of the greatest civilizations in history — stretching from China in the east to Andalusia in the west.

3. The Prophet from Among the Brethren of Israel (Deuteronomy 18)

Biblical text (Deuteronomy 18:18–19):

“I will raise up for them a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto you, and will put My words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I command him. And it shall come to pass that whoever will not hear My words which he speaks in My name, I will require it of him.”

Comment:
God described to Moses ﷺ a future prophet who would:

Come from among the brethren of the Israelites (not from Israel itself);
Be like Moses;
Speak in the name of God.

This clearly points to a prophet not from the descendants of Israel, but from their brethren — the Ishmaelites. This coming prophet would have God’s words “placed in his mouth.”
When comparing Muhammad ﷺ and Jesus ﷺ, the one most resembling Moses ﷺ in message, leadership, and law is undoubtedly Muhammad ﷺ.
Also, every chapter of the Qur’an begins with “In the name of Allah” except for At-Tawbah — just as foretold: he will “speak in My name.”

Section Two: Prophecies of Mecca, Power, and Law

4. The Coming from Sinai, Seir, and Mount Paran (Deuteronomy 33)

Biblical text (Deuteronomy 33:2):

“The Lord came from Sinai, and dawned on them from Seir; He shone forth from Mount Paran, and He came with ten thousands of holy ones; from His right hand came a fiery law for them.”

Comment:

Sinai: The place where God spoke to Moses and revealed the Torah.
Seir: Identified with Edom — the region where Jesus ﷺ preached, located in Palestine.
Mount Paran: The wilderness where Ishmael settled (Genesis 21:21), i.e., the region of Mecca.

The “ten thousand saints” refer to the followers who entered Mecca with the Prophet ﷺ — an exact description of the Conquest of Mecca, when Muhammad ﷺ entered the city with ten thousand companions.

These three sacred locations — Sinai, Seir, and Paran — are also referenced in the Qur’an:

“By the fig and the olive, and Mount Sinai, and this secure city (Mecca).” (Surah At-Tin 95:1–3)

5. The Pilgrimage to the Valley of Baca (Psalm 84)

Biblical text (Psalm 84:5–7):

“Blessed is the man whose strength is in You, whose heart is set on pilgrimage. As they pass through the Valley of Baca, they make it a spring; the rain also covers it with pools. They go from strength to strength; each one appears before God in Zion.”

Comment:
This psalm speaks clearly of a pilgrimage through the Valley of Baca. The Hebrew term Baka (בָּכָא) is associated with the weeping of Ishmael, and it is an alternate form of Makkah.
The Qur’an itself affirms this name:

“Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Bakkah — blessed and a guidance for the worlds.” (Qur’an 3:96)

The phrase “they make it a spring” alludes to the well of Zamzam, which miraculously burst forth for Hagar and Ishmael in Mecca, and which remains the life-giving source for pilgrims.
“They go from strength to strength” beautifully describes the rites of pilgrimage — as pilgrims move from one sacred site to another: Mina, Arafat, and Muzdalifah.

6. The Destruction of Babylon and the Mention of Teman and Paran (Habakkuk 2–3)

Biblical text (Habakkuk 3:3–7):

“God came from Teman, the Holy One from Mount Paran. His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of His praise. … The mountains saw You and trembled … The tents of Cushan were in affliction; the curtains of the land of Midian trembled.”

Biblical text (Habakkuk 2:13–14):

“Has not the Lord of hosts determined that the peoples’ labor is only fuel for the fire, and nations weary themselves in vain? For the earth will be filled with the knowledge of the glory of the Lord, as the waters cover the sea.”

Comment:
Habakkuk offers here a prayer similar to that in Deuteronomy 33. This prophecy corresponds with Isaiah 21, which foretells the fall of Babylon.

Teman is associated with Seir/Edom, the land of Jesus ﷺ.
Mount Paran again refers to Mecca.
“His glory covered the heavens, and the earth was full of His praise” clearly points to the spread of Islam and monotheism across the world.
“The tents of Cushan … the land of Midian” are locations in the Arabian Peninsula — confirming that the prophecy speaks of a prophet from among the Arabs.
As for the destruction of Babylon, it was realized when the Muslims conquered the Persian Sassanian Empire (which then ruled Babylon) during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, followed by the conquest of al-Mada’in.

Section Three: Prophecies of Description and Naming

7. The Precise Physical Description (Song of Solomon 5)
Biblical Text (Song of Solomon 5:10–16):
“My beloved is white and ruddy, chief among ten thousand. His head is as the most fine gold, his locks are bushy, and black as a raven... His mouth is most sweet, yea, he is altogether lovely (מַחֲמַדִּים – Machmadim). This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters of Jerusalem.”

Comment:
Here is both a physical and linguistic description, detailed as follows:

Chief among ten thousand: Matches Deuteronomy 33’s description of the one coming with ten thousand saints.
White and ruddy: The Prophet ﷺ was fair with a reddish glow.
Locks black as a raven: His hair was black, neither tightly curled nor completely straight.
His mouth is sweetness: A sign of the revealed word. The Prophet ﷺ was eloquent and gifted with concise yet profound speech.
“מַחֲמַדִּים” (Machmadim) – “altogether lovely”: In Hebrew, the word Machmadim corresponds directly to “Muhammad,” with the suffix “-im” denoting majesty or reverence, meaning “The Most Praised” or “The Great Muhammad.”
Symbolic Detail (the Watchmen):
At the start of this chapter (Song 5:7), the woman—representing the prophets—asks the watchmen of Jerusalem if they have seen her beloved, and they strike her. This may symbolize how the Jews (the watchmen) recognized the signs (the prophets and the rider on a donkey—Jesus) but rejected them, and likewise rejected the final beloved rider on the camel—Muhammad ﷺ.

8. The Sign of Authority (Isaiah 9 and 22)
Biblical Texts:

Isaiah 9:6: “For unto us a child is born... and the government shall be upon his shoulder.”
Isaiah 22:22: “And the key of the house of David will I lay upon his shoulder; so he shall open, and none shall shut.”

Comment:
The prophecy refers to a special child bearing a sign of authority on his shoulder, alluding to the Seal of Prophethood between the Prophet’s shoulders. The “Key of David” symbolizes divine authority and the finality of prophethood.

9. The Desire of All Nations (Haggai 2)
Biblical Text (Haggai 2:7):
“And I will shake all nations, and the desire of all nations shall come: and I will fill this house with glory, saith the LORD of hosts.”

Comment:
The Hebrew word translated as “desire” is חֶמְדַּת (hemdat), from the same root ḥ-m-d as Muhammad or Ahmad, meaning “praised” or “beloved.” His arrival was fulfilled in the Night Journey (Isrā’ and Mi‘rāj), when the Prophet ﷺ led all prophets in prayer at Jerusalem, filling the House with divine glory—a prophecy later realized when Jerusalem was opened by Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb.

10. The Comforter / Paraclete (John 14–16)
Biblical Texts:

John 14:16, 26: “And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter... even the Spirit of truth.”
John 16:7, 12–14: “It is expedient for you that I go away... for if I go not away, the Comforter will not come unto you... he shall not speak of himself; but whatsoever he shall hear, that shall he speak... and he will show you things to come.”

Comment:
Jesus ﷺ foretold the coming of the Paraclete (parakletos in Greek), who would not speak of himself but convey divine revelation and foretell future events—clearly describing the mission of Muhammad ﷺ.
The term parakletos can also mean “the praised one,” equivalent to Ahmad in Arabic.
Moreover, the Qur’an honors Jesus and his mother, refuting false beliefs about his divinity or crucifixion, thus fulfilling the role of the true Comforter.

This idea appears in three other prophetic texts:

Song of Solomon 5: “Machmadim” (“Muhammadim”)—“altogether lovely.”
Isaiah 42: The Servant of God (Itmak – “My Chosen One”), possibly originally “Ahmad.”
Haggai 2: “The Desire of All Nations” (hemdat – from the same root ḥ-m-d).

Together, they point to the coming of a prophet named Ahmad, Muhammad—the Praised One.

11. The Book to the Unlettered Prophet (Isaiah 29)
Biblical Text (Isaiah 29:11–12):
“The vision of all is become unto you as the words of a book that is sealed... which men deliver to one that is learned, saying, Read this... Or to one that is not learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I am not learned.”

Comment:
This prophecy mirrors the first revelation to the Prophet ﷺ, when Gabriel said, “Read,” and he replied, “I am not a reader.” The Prophet was unlettered, yet brought forth a book of divine eloquence that silenced poets and scholars—proof of revelation.

12. The Rider on the Donkey and the Rider on the Camel (Isaiah 21)
Biblical Text (Isaiah 21:6–9):
“For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Go, set a watchman... and he saw a chariot with a couple of horsemen, a chariot of asses, and a chariot of camels... And he answered and said, Babylon is fallen, is fallen.”

Comment:
Isaiah sees the fall of Babylon marked by four signs: two horsemen, a rider on a donkey, and a rider on a camel.
The rider on the donkey is Jesus ﷺ (cf. Zechariah 9:9, Matthew 21:5).
The rider on the camel is none other than Muhammad ﷺ, who rode his camel al-Qaṣwāʾ in battle, notably at the conquest of Mecca, ending idolatry and defeating Persia (which ruled Babylon).
Later Masoretic texts altered the plural forms to obscure the prophecy’s reference to both Jesus and Muhammad.

Section Four: Prophecies of the Spread of the Faith

13. All Nations Shall Bow Down (Psalm 22 and Isaiah 45)
Biblical Text (Psalm 22:27–29):
“All the ends of the earth shall remember and turn to the Lord, and all the families of the nations shall worship before You. For the kingdom is the Lord’s, and He rules over the nations. All the prosperous of the earth shall eat and worship.”
Biblical Text (Isaiah 45:23):
“I have sworn by Myself; the word has gone out of My mouth in righteousness and shall not return: that to Me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear.”
Comment: The Psalms describe how all nations—including those outside the House of Israel—shall bow down to God alone. This prophecy was fulfilled when the message of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ reached all nations, both Jewish and non-Jewish.

14. The Abrahamic Prayer and Everlasting Remembrance (Psalm 45 and Psalm 72)
Biblical Text (Psalm 45:2–7):
“You are fairer than the sons of men; grace is poured upon Your lips; therefore God has blessed You forever. Gird Your sword upon Your thigh, O mighty one, with Your glory and Your majesty... Your throne, O God, is forever and ever.”
Biblical Text (Psalm 72:8–17):
“He shall have dominion from sea to sea, and from the River to the ends of the earth... They shall pray for Him continually; they shall bless Him all day long... His name shall endure forever; His name shall continue as long as the sun; and men shall be blessed in Him.”
Comment: The described figure is said to be the most handsome of men, whose lips overflow with grace. In Psalm 72, he is a just ruler who saves the needy and reigns from sea to sea; even desert tribes will bow before him. People will pray for him and bless him daily.
These texts recall Genesis 12, where Abraham’s name was said to be “blessed.”
Muslims perform five daily prayers in which blessings are invoked upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, and upon Abraham and the family of Abraham. Thus, “he shall be prayed for continually” is realized in the daily prayers of Muslims across the earth.
As for “his name shall endure forever,” it is evident that the Prophet’s name is the most common in the world, mentioned billions of times daily in prayers and calls to worship.

Section Five: Prophecies of Jerusalem and the Temple

15. Pilgrimage to Mount Zion / Jerusalem (Isaiah 2 and Zephaniah 3)
Biblical Text (Isaiah 2:2–3):
“It shall come to pass in the last days that the mountain of the Lord’s house shall be established on the top of the mountains... All nations shall flow to it. Many peoples shall come and say, ‘Come, let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.’ For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem.”
Biblical Text (Zephaniah 3:10):
“From beyond the rivers of Cush my worshipers, the daughter of my dispersed people, shall bring my offering.”
Comment: Isaiah 2 describes all nations coming to Mount Zion for pilgrimage and to learn a new law. Zephaniah 3 expands on this, mentioning that God’s people will come from beyond the rivers of Egypt to offer sacrifices.
This became possible only when the early Muslims liberated Jerusalem and freed the Jews from Roman oppression. Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb opened the city and allowed the Jews to return after centuries of Roman banishment. The Prophet ﷺ also made al-Masjid al-Aqsa one of the three sanctuaries to which pilgrimage is enjoined, making it a destination for Muslims worldwide alongside Mecca and Medina.

16. The Second Exile and the Return of the Temple (Psalm 74, Haggai 2, Isaiah 24)
Biblical Text (Psalm 74:9):
“We do not see our signs; there is no longer any prophet; nor is there among us anyone who knows how long.”
Biblical Text (Haggai 2:6–9):
“For thus says the Lord of hosts: Once more, in a little while, I will shake the heavens and the earth, the sea and the dry land. I will shake all nations, and the desire of all nations shall come, and I will fill this house with glory... The glory of this latter house shall be greater than the former.”
Biblical Text (Isaiah 24:14–16):
“They shall lift up their voice; they shall sing for the majesty of the Lord; they shall cry aloud from the sea... From the ends of the earth we have heard songs: ‘Glory to the Righteous One!’”
Comment: Psalm 74 describes an exile in which the Temple is destroyed and no prophets remain—referring to the second exile (the Roman exile of 70 CE), not the Babylonian one. This exile was ended when the early Muslims freed Jerusalem and liberated the Jews from Roman rule.
Haggai 2 foretells that the Temple would regain its glory when God shakes the nations, while Isaiah 24 foretells that during this exile, people from east and west would sing praises to God, saying, “Glory to the Righteous One.”

17. The Messenger Comes Suddenly to His Temple (Malachi 3)
Biblical Text (Malachi 3:1):
“Behold, I send My messenger, and he will prepare the way before Me. And the Lord whom you seek will suddenly come to His temple, even the Messenger of the covenant in whom you delight. Behold, He is coming, says the Lord of hosts.”
Biblical Text (Isaiah 40:3):
“The voice of one crying in the wilderness: ‘Prepare the way of the Lord; make straight in the desert a highway for our God.’”
Comment: Written after the Babylonian exile, this passage describes how a messenger will prepare the way for the Lord and suddenly come to His temple. It also recalls Isaiah 40 and mentions the “Messenger of the Covenant” from Isaiah 42.
Since it was written after the first exile, it must refer to the return from the Roman exile. Thus, the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was the one who freed the Jews from Roman persecution and was himself the “Messenger of the Covenant” foretold in Isaiah 42.
His “sudden coming to the Temple” was fulfilled in the Isra and Mi‘raj—the miraculous Night Journey—when he was taken to the land of the Temple in Jerusalem, where he led all the prophets in prayer.

Section Six: Prophecies of the Manner of Prayer and the Language

18. The Purified Lips and the Unified Prayer (Zephaniah 3)
Biblical text (Zephaniah 3:9):
"For then I will restore to the peoples a pure language, that they all may call on the name of the Lord, to serve Him with one accord."
I said: This passage foretells that God will purify the speech of the nations, and that they will pray shoulder to shoulder. Nothing fits this more perfectly than the congregational prayer in Islam, where people stand shoulder to shoulder and recite the Qur’an with their tongues.
As for “a pure language,” it refers to Arabic—the language that became the unified tongue of worship through the spread of Islam. All Muslims around the world pray in Arabic and recite the Qur’an in Arabic, whatever their native language may be. They do so, as the verse says, “to serve Him with one accord,” an accurate description of Muslims standing in aligned rows during prayer.

19. The Mocking Foreign Tongue (Isaiah 28)
Biblical text (Isaiah 28:10–11):
"For precept must be upon precept, precept upon precept, line upon line, line upon line, here a little, there a little. For with stammering lips and another tongue He will speak to this people."
I said: In the Hebrew text, God responds to those mocking Isaiah by saying that He will speak to His people through a foreign and stammering tongue, saying: “Tsav latsav, tsav latsav... kav lakav, kav lakav.”
The Jews, whose language was Hebrew, never received revelation in a foreign tongue—until the Qur’an was revealed in Arabic.
Note also the resemblance between these syllables and the disjointed Arabic letters that open many Qur’anic chapters (such as Alif-Lam-Mim, Sad, Kaf, Ta-Ha, Ya-Sin), which serve as a divine challenge—almost a mockery—to the disbelievers, showing that the Qur’an is made from these very letters they know, yet they cannot produce its like.

Section Seven: Prophecies of the Servant, Justice, and Transformation

20. The Servant from the North / the Rising of the Sun (Isaiah 41)
Biblical text (Isaiah 41:2, 25):
"Who raised up one from the east, whom righteousness calls to His feet?... I have raised up one from the north, and he shall come; from the rising of the sun he shall call upon My name. He shall come upon rulers as upon mortar, and as the potter treads clay."
I said: God will raise up a servant from the north—often associated with non-Israelite nations. From the rising of the sun, he will call upon God’s name.
In Hebrew, יִקְרָא בִשְׁמִי (Yikra bishmi) means “He shall call in My name,” mirroring the first revelation to the Prophet ﷺ in the cave: {Read in the name of your Lord}, and the basmala that opens almost every chapter: In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate.
This servant will crush the rulers of the earth like a potter treading clay—an image of the vast transformation he will bring. None fits this better than the early Muslims’ victories over the Roman and Persian empires.

21. The Servant Who Brings Justice and Freedom from Bonds (Isaiah 42)
Biblical text (Isaiah 42:1–7, 10–13):
"Behold! My servant, whom I uphold; My chosen one in whom My soul delights. I have put My Spirit upon him; he will bring forth justice to the nations. He will not cry out, nor lift up, nor cause his voice to be heard in the street... I, the Lord, have called you in righteousness... to open the eyes of the blind, to bring out prisoners from the dungeon, and those who sit in darkness from the prison house... Let the wilderness and its towns raise their voices, the villages that Kedar inhabits. Let the inhabitants of Sela sing for joy."
I said: This servant of God will bring justice to the nations, gentle and dignified—“he will not cry out nor lift his voice in the streets.” He will be a light to the Gentiles, open the eyes of the blind, and set the oppressed free.
This description perfectly fits the Prophet ﷺ, as the Qur’an itself says: {Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered Prophet... he relieves them of their burdens and the shackles that were upon them.}
The chapter also mentions the people of Kedar (the son of Ishmael) and Sela—both linked to Arabia. Kedar refers to the tribe of Quraysh, from which the Prophet ﷺ descended; and Mount Sela lies in Medina, the city to which he migrated and founded the Islamic state.
Some have even suggested that the Hebrew term Itmak (“My chosen one”) in Isaiah 42 may have originally been Ahmad before later textual changes.

Section Eight: Prophecies of the Islamic Kingdom

22. The Fifth and Final Kingdom (Daniel 2 & 7)
Biblical text (Daniel 2:31–35, 44–45):
"You, O king, were watching; and behold, a great image... The head of this image was of fine gold, its chest and arms of silver, its belly and thighs of bronze, its legs of iron, its feet partly of iron and partly of clay... You watched while a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image... and the stone became a great mountain and filled the whole earth... And in the days of those kings, the God of heaven will set up a kingdom that shall never be destroyed."
I said: This vision describes four great empires and a fifth, final one. Daniel identifies them as Babylon, Persia, Greece, and Rome—the head, chest, belly, and legs of the statue. The fourth empire, Rome, has feet of iron and clay, signifying division. Indeed, Rome split into eastern and western empires.
Then comes the fifth and final kingdom, which destroys the statue and ends the preceding empires. Nothing fulfills this but the Islamic Caliphate, which arose after Rome’s division and defeated both the Romans and the Persians.
The “stone cut without hands” signifies a divinely established kingdom, not of human origin.
That it “became a great mountain and filled the earth” alludes to the vast expansion of the Caliphate—from China in the east to Andalusia in the west.
And “a kingdom that shall never be destroyed” is fulfilled in Islam, which will endure until the Day of Judgment, culminating in the rule of the Mahdi and Jesus ﷺ.

23. The Kingdom Taken from the Jews and Given to Other Nations (Matthew 21 & 22)
Biblical text (Matthew 21:43):
"Therefore I tell you, the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a nation producing its fruits."
Biblical text (Matthew 22:7–8):
"When the king heard of it, he was furious; he sent his armies, destroyed those murderers, and burned their city. Then he said to his servants, ‘The wedding is ready, but those invited were not worthy.’"
I said: Jesus ﷺ presents two parables with the same meaning: God prepared His kingdom for the Jews, but they beat and killed the prophets. God then destroyed their temple and exiled them, transferring His kingdom to other nations—the Gentiles.
Notice the sequence: first, the temple is destroyed again; then, the message passes to non-Jewish nations.
Since Jesus and his disciples lived before the second temple’s destruction, these words must refer to a prophet who would come after them—and that prophet is Muhammad ﷺ, who fulfilled this prophecy.

And God knows best.
All praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds, and peace and blessings upon His Prophet Muhammad, the Seal of the Prophets and Messengers.

Source: Maher Amir